Carbon molecular sieves and methods for making the same

ABSTRACT

Mixed matrix membranes capable of separating carbon dioxide from mixtures including carbon dioxide and methane, and processes for purifying methane using the membranes, are disclosed. The membranes are preferably polymer membranes, that include discrete carbon-based molecular sieve particles with sizes of between about 0.5 microns to about 5.0 microns. The particles are formed by pyrolyzing a precursor polymer in the form of a powder or film. The pyrolyzed polymer is then ideally milled to desired small size particles. The preferred ratio of particles to polymer is about 0.25 to about 1.0 by volume. A preferred method for preparing the mixed matrix membrane is by dispersing the particles in a solvent, adding a small quantity of the desired polymer or “sizing agent” to “size” or “prime” the particles, adding a polymer, casting a film of the polymer solution, and evaporating the solvent to form a mixed matrix membrane film. The mixed matrix membrane film permits passage of carbon dioxide and methane, but at different permeation rates, such that the ratio of the relative permeation rates of carbon dioxide to methane is larger through the mixed matrix membrane film than through the original polymer. The mixed matrix membrane is preferably in the form of a dense film or a hollow fiber. A mixture containing carbon dioxide and methane can be enriched in methane by selective passage of carbon dioxide over methane in a gas-phase process through the membrane.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/666,392, filed Sep. 20, 2000.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to mixed matrix membranes, including sieve particles, with the ability to separate a desired gaseous component from gaseous mixtures.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is used to convert methane to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. The first step involves converting the methane to synthesis gas, which is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The synthesis gas is contacted with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst under conditions of increased temperature and pressure. In addition to desired products, the reaction can also produce methane and carbon dioxide. The methane can be recycled through the synthesis gas generator, but over time, each recycle can lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide. The increased levels of carbon dioxide can adversely affect the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It would be advantageous to separate and remove the carbon dioxide from the methane.

Polymeric membrane materials have been proposed for use in gas separation. Numerous research articles and patents describe polymeric membrane materials (e.g., polyimides, polysulfones, polycarbonates, polyethers, polyamides, polyarylates, polypyrrolones, etc.) with desirable gas separation properties, particularly for use in oxygen/nitrogen separation (See, for example, Koros et al., J. Membrane Sci., 83, 1-80 (1993), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference, for background and review).

The polymeric membrane materials are typically used in processes in which a feed gas mixture contacts the upstream side of the membrane, resulting in a permeate mixture on the downstream side of the membrane with a greater concentration of one of the components in the feed mixture than the composition of the original feed gas mixture. A pressure differential is maintained between the upstream and downstream sides, providing the driving force for permeation. The downstream side can be maintained at a vacuum, or at any pressure below the upstream pressure.

The membrane performance is characterized by the flux of a gas component across the membrane. This flux can be expressed as a quantity called the permeability (P), which is a pressure- and thickness-normalized flux of a given component. The separation of a gas mixture is achieved by a membrane material that permits a faster permeation rate for one component (i.e., higher permeability) over that of another component. The efficiency of the membrane in enriching a component over another component in the permeate stream can be expressed as a quantity called selectivity. Selectivity can be defined as the ratio of the permeabilities of the gas components across the membrane (i.e., P_(A)/P_(B), where A and B are the two components). A membrane's permeability and selectivity are material properties of the membrane material itself, and thus these properties are ideally constant with feed pressure, flow rate and other process conditions. However, permeability and selectivity are both temperature-dependent. It is desired to develop membrane materials with a high selectivity (efficiency) for the desired component, while maintaining a high permeability (productivity) for the desired component.

Various materials (fibers, porous supports, etc.) have been incorporated into polymeric membranes to provide mechanical strength to the membranes. Such materials and the resulting composites are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,457,170; 3,878,104; 3,993,566; 4,032,454; and 4,341,605. Some composite materials show improved liquid separation properties over the polymer material themselves. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,862,030 discloses a composite material that includes inorganic fillers within a polymeric matrix that shows enhanced filtering capabilities for microscopic, submicron particles.

Membrane materials with incorporated materials within a polymeric matrix have also been used for gas separations (see, for example, Zimmerman et al., J. Membrane Sci., 137, 145-154 (1997)). Paul and Kemp (J. Polymer Sci., Symposium No. 41, 79-93, (1973)) disclose a composite material including Type 5A zeolites in silicone rubber. This material purportedly caused a time lag in achieving steady-state permeation by “immobilizing” various gases due to adsorption to the zeolites. However, after saturation of adsorption sites, permeation of the gases reached steady state. Later, Jia et al. (J. Membrane Sci., 57, 289 (1991)) showed that incorporating silicalite (a hydrophobic crystalline silica-based zeolite, described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,724) into silicone rubber provided improved selectivities for oxygen/nitrogen separation. The oxygen/nitrogen selectivity (P_(O2)/P_(N2)) increased from the original 2.1 for the silicone rubber to 2.7. Later, Kulprathipanja et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,740,219 and 5,127,925) introduced silicalite into cellulose acetate and showed slightly enhanced oxygen/nitrogen selectivity (from 2.99 to 3.63). Süer et al. (J. Membrane Sci., 91, 77 (1994)) and Third International Symposium on Separation Technology, Antwerp, Belgium, Elsevier Science B. V., (1994) incorporated Type 4A zeolite into a glassy polymer, polyethersulfone, and also showed enhanced oxygen/nitrogen selectivity (from 3.7 to 4.4). Additional studies have examined zeolites in other polymer matrices and/or have explored surface modification techniques (silane coupling, etc.) to improve adhesion between the dispersed zeolite and polymer matrix: Gür (J. Membrane Sci., 93, 283 (1994)) and Duval et al. (J. Membrane Sci., 80, 189 (1993) and J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 54, 409 (1994)). Modest or no improvement in oxygen/nitrogen separation was observed.

The art cited above demonstrates the incorporation of various zeolites into various rubbery and glassy polymers for oxygen/nitrogen separation. Although several studies show some enhanced oxygen/nitrogen selectivity, these mixed matrix membranes still do not exhibit the anticipated improvement necessary for commercial application. The most significant work to date was performed by the French Petroleum Institute, where significant selectivity enhancement was reported for methane gas mixtures using flat-sheet membranes containing equal weights of the polyetherimide Ultem® and zeolite 4A (U.S. Pat. No. 4,925,459).

It would be desirable to provide additional devices, materials and processes for separating gaseous components. The present invention provides such devices, materials and processes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to carbon molecular sieve particles and methods of making the same, and to mixed matrix membranes (hereinafter “mixed matrix membrane” or “mixed matrix film”) and methods of making the same. The membrane comprises carbon molecular sieving entities or particles incorporated into a polymeric membrane. Methods of separating gaseous mixtures using the mixed matrix membrane are also within the scope of this invention. The molecular sieving entities increase the effective permeability of a desirable gas component through the polymeric membrane (and/or decrease the effective permeability of the other gas components), and thereby enhance the gas separation (selectivity) of the polymeric membrane material. Hereinafter, “enhanced” permeation properties or “enhanced” selectivity refers to this phenomenon. In a preferred embodiment, the membranes are useful for separating carbon dioxide from a gaseous mixture that includes carbon dioxide and methane.

The mixed matrix membrane includes a polymer and small, discrete molecular sieving particles encapsulated in the polymer. The mixed matrix membrane is preferably in the form of a dense film, tube or hollow fiber.

The polymer forming the membrane permits passage of desired gaseous components, in one embodiment carbon dioxide and methane, but at different diffusion rates, such that one of the components, for example either carbon dioxide or methane, diffuses at a faster rate through the polymer. The polymer is generally a rigid, glassy polymer (having high glass transition temperatures, i.e., temperatures above about 150° C.), although rubbery polymers or flexible glassy polymers can be used. Examples of rigid glassy polymers include polysulfones, polycarbonates, cellulosic polymers, polypyrrolones, and polyimides. The polymer preferably has, but need not have, selectivity for one or more of the components being separated.

The molecular sieving entity (“molecular sieve” or “particle”) is derived from the pyrolysis of any suitable polymeric material that results in an amorphous carbonized structure with short-range order. The polymeric precursor material for pyrolysis can be prepared in any convenient form such as sheets, tubes, hollow fibers, or powder. The carbon molecular sieving entity (“molecular sieve” or “particle”) is preferably prepared by subjecting a powdered polymer to pyrolysis conditions to form a carbon molecular sieve powder, which is then milled or otherwise processed to a desired size range. Preferred carbon molecular sieve particles are less than 2 microns in diameter, more preferably less than 1 micron in diameter, and most preferably between 0.1 and 0.9 microns in diameter.

The ratio of particles to polymer is typically between about 0.1 and 1.5, and more preferably, about 0.25 to 1.0 by volume. This corresponds to about 10-60%, and 20-50%, particle volume to total volume. A preferred method for preparing polymeric films is by dispersing the molecular sieving entity in a polymer solution, casting a film of the polymer solution, and evaporating the solvent to form a polymeric film. Optionally, but preferably, the particles are “sized” or “primed” before forming the polymer solution. To maximize dispersion of the particles in the polymers, the polymer solution can be subjected to homogenization and/or ultrasound.

The resulting mixed matrix films can be stacked or formed into tubes or hollow fibers, or other conventional shapes used for gas separations. In one embodiment, the gas separations are used to purify hydrocarbon gases obtained during down-hole drilling operations, either in the hole or above-ground. Using the membranes described herein, helium, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, oxygen and/or nitrogen can be separated from natural gas hydrocarbons. These gases can also be separated from carbon dioxide.

A preferred method for preparing hollow fibers is to dissolve the polymer, mix in the particles, and extrude the polymer/molecular sieving entity blend through a tubular capillary nozzle with a core fluid used for the purpose of retaining the hollow fiber shape.

Any gases that differ in size, for example nitrogen and oxygen or ethylene and ethane, can be separated using the membranes described herein. In one embodiment, a gaseous mixture containing methane and carbon dioxide can be enriched in methane by a gas-phase process through the mixed matrix membrane. In other embodiments, the membranes are used to purify helium, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, oxygen and/or nitrogen.

For a carbon molecular sieving (CMS) particle to impart an enhanced selectivity to a mixed matrix membrane, the high selectivity transport path through the particle must go from one side of the particle to the other in the general direction of gas flow through the membrane. Previously it was believed that to obtain this property, the CMS particle had to be prepared from pyrolysis of a thin supported or unsupported film or hollow fiber to ensure selective passage through the carbon. Furthermore, it was not known if milling CMS films or fibers into fine particle sizes would retain the desired molecular sieving property of the former. In the absence of this property, the gas would either not pass through the carbon particle if the pores were dead-ended, or only pass through large mesopores which are not selective, such that a mixed matrix membrane made with this particle would not exhibit enhanced selectivity. Pyrolysis of a polymer powder was not suggested. It has surprisingly been found that if a polymer powder is pyrolyzed according to the present invention, enhanced selectivity is obtained when powder is used to make mixed matrix membranes. In some instances, such as when the polymer powder particles are large (greater than 2 microns), milling these particles after pyrolysis assists in freeing up the transport path through the particle.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a gas permeation apparatus for flat membrane films.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to methods for forming carbon molecular sieves, to mixed matrix membranes incorporating these carbon molecular sieves, and the use of the membranes in gas phase separations, for example in down-hole gas separation operations. Membranes made in accordance with the present invention may be deployed in downhole apparatus such as those described in WO058603A1 which utilize membranes to separate methane from other contaminant gases. The disclosure of WO058603A1 is hereby incorporated by reference.

One separation described in more detail below is to isolate methane from a mixture that includes methane and carbon dioxide. In a preferred embodiment, the mixed matrix membrane permits carbon dioxide to diffuse through at a faster rate than methane. In other embodiments, hydrogen, helium, hydrogen sulfide, oxygen and/or nitrogen are separated from hydrocarbons and/or carbon dioxide.

Any gases that differ in size, for example nitrogen and oxygen or ethylene and ethane, can be separated using the membranes described herein. Some of the components which can be selectively removed from a gaseous mixture using the membranes described herein include carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, helium, and other trace gases. Some of the components that can be selectively retained include hydrocarbon gases.

These separated hydrocarbons, such as methane, which are enhanced in concentration, can be subsequently processed into further hydrocarbon products. Examples of further processing steps, which are well known by those skilled in the art of hydrocarbon processing, include but are not limited to producing synthesis gases which can be used to produce methanol or utilized in Fischer-Tropsch processes to make other end products.

Intermediary or end hydrocarbon based products which are produced using mixed matrix membranes with carbon molecular sieves therein for separation as an important step may include, but are not limited to, synthesis gases, diesel fuel, jet fuels, lube oils, naphtha, gasoline and produced methanol.

The membranes are particularly suitable for enriching the proportion of methane in a gaseous mixture, preferably including methane and carbon dioxide. Such gaseous mixtures are routinely found in the recycle of methane in Fischer-Tropsch syntheses. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is well known to those of skill in the art. The membranes can also be used in other gas separation applications.

The mixed matrix membrane includes a polymer and discrete carbon-based molecular sieve particles encapsulated in the polymer. Preferably, the particles are “primed” with the polymer before they are incorporated into the mixed matrix. The resulting mixed matrix membrane has a steady state permeability that differs from the steady state permeability possessed by a polymer membrane not incorporating the sieve particles.

I. Polymer Selection

An appropriately selected polymer can be used which permits passage of the desired gases to be separated, for example carbon dioxide and methane. Preferably, the polymer permits one or more of the desired gases to permeate through the polymer at different diffusion rates than other components, such that one of the individual gases, for example carbon dioxide, diffuses at a faster rate through the polymer. In a preferred embodiment, the rate at which carbon dioxide passes through the polymer is at least 10 times faster than the rate at which methane passes through the polymer.

For use in making mixed matrix membranes for separating CO₂ and CH₄, the most preferred polymers include Ultem® 1000, Matrimid® 5218, 6FDA/BPDA-DAM, 6FDA-6FpDA, and 6FDA-IPDA (all polyimides). 6FDA/BPDA-DAM and 6FDA-IPDA are available from DuPont and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,471.

Examples of suitable polymers include substituted or unsubstituted polymers and may be selected from polysulfones; poly(styrenes), including styrene-containing copolymers such as acrylonitrilestyrene copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers and styrene-vinylbenzylhalide copolymers; polycarbonates; cellulosic polymers, such as cellulose acetate-butyrate, cellulose propionate, ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, etc.; polyamides and polyimides, including aryl polyamides and aryl polyimides; polyethers; polyetherimides; polyetherketones; poly(arylene oxides) such as poly(phenylene oxide) and poly(xylene oxide); poly(esteramide-diisocyanate); polyurethanes; polyesters (including polyarylates), such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(alkyl methacrylates), poly(acrylates), poly(phenylene terephthalate), etc.; polypyrrolones; polysulfides; polymers from monomers having alpha-olefinic unsaturation other than mentioned above such as poly (ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(butene-1), poly(4-methyl pentene-1), polyvinyls, e.g., poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl esters) such as poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(vinyl propionate), poly(vinyl pyridines), poly(vinyl pyrrolidones), poly(vinyl ethers), poly(vinyl ketones), poly(vinyl aldehydes) such as poly(vinyl formal) and poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinyl amides), poly(vinyl amines), poly(vinyl urethanes), poly(vinyl ureas), poly(vinyl phosphates), and poly(vinyl sulfates); polyallyls; poly(benzobenzimidazole); polyhydrazides; polyoxadiazoles; polytriazoles; poly (benzimidazole); polycarbodiimides; polyphosphazines; etc., and interpolymers, including block interpolymers containing repeating units from the above such as terpolymers of acrylonitrile-vinyl bromide-sodium salt of para-sulfophenylmethallyl ethers; and grafts and blends containing any of the foregoing. Typical substituents providing substituted polymers include halogens such as fluorine, chlorine and bromine; hydroxyl groups; lower alkyl groups; lower alkoxy groups; monocyclic aryl; lower acyl groups and the like.

It is preferred that the membranes exhibit a carbon dioxide/methane selectivity of at least about 5, more preferably at least about 10, and most preferably at least about 30. Preferably, the polymer is a rigid, glassy polymer as opposed to a rubbery polymer or a flexible glassy polymer. Glassy polymers are differentiated from rubbery polymers by the rate of segmental movement of polymer chains. Polymers in the glassy state do not have the rapid molecular motions that permit rubbery polymers their liquid-like nature and their ability to adjust segmental configurations rapidly over large distances (>0.5 nm). Glassy polymers exist in a non-equilibrium state with entangled molecular chains with immobile molecular backbones in frozen conformations. The glass transition temperature (Tg) is the dividing point between the rubbery or glassy state. Above the Tg, the polymer exists in the rubbery state; below the Tg, the polymer exists in the glassy state. Generally, glassy polymers provide a selective environment for gas diffusion and are favored for gas separation applications. Rigid, glassy polymers describe polymers with rigid polymer chain backbones that have limited intramolecular rotational mobility and are often characterized by having high glass transition temperatures (Tg>150° C.).

In rigid, glassy polymers, the diffusion coefficient tends to dominate, and glassy membranes tend to be selective in favor of small, low-boiling molecules. The preferred membranes are made from rigid, glassy polymer materials that will pass carbon dioxide (and nitrogen) preferentially over methane and other light hydrocarbons. Such polymers are well known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,230,463 to Monsanto and U.S. Pat. No. 3,567,632 to DuPont. Suitable membrane materials include polyimides, polysulfones and cellulosic polymers.

II. Molecular Sieves and Their Preparation

The molecular sieving entity or particles described herein is a carbon-based molecular sieve. The molecular sieves used in the mixed matrix membranes described herein are preferably prepared by pyrolyzing polymeric particles. Alternatively, the molecular sieve particles may first be prepared by pyrolyzing a polymeric film or other continuous polymeric body. For large scale production of carbon molecular sieve particles, it is more difficult to form and subsequently pyrolyze polymeric films than to use a powdered polymer as the material to be pyrolyzed. U.S. Pat. No. 4,685,940, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, discloses carbon membranes for use in separation processes. The polymer used to prepare the carbon membrane can be used to prepare the powder used herein to prepare the molecular sieves particles that are incorporated into the mixed matrix membranes. The resulting particles have a predetermined pore size and function as molecular sieves. Particles formed from the pyrolyzed polymer function well even at elevated temperatures. The carbon particles are ideally produced by the controlled pyrolysis of a suitable powder of polymeric material under conditions that retain the basic integrity of the original geometry. If the powder is not already in the right size range, the pyrolyzed material is milled to a desired size range.

Suitable materials include polyimides, polyamides, cellulose and derivatives thereof, thermosetting polymers, acrylics, pitch-tar mesophase, and the like. These materials are not limiting, as other materials may be useful for fabricating carbon membranes. Selection of the polymeric material for use in preparing a powder to be pyrolyzed to form sieve particles may be made on the basis of the heat resistance, solvent resistance, and mechanical strength of the porous separation membrane, as well as other factors dictated by the operating conditions for selective permeation. Especially preferred carbon molecular sieve particles are those prepared from the pyrolysis of aromatic polyimides or cellulosic polymers. Examples of aromatic polyimides are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,234,471 and 4,690,873. Other patents describing useful polymers which can be subjected to pyrolysis include European Patent Application 0 459 623 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,685,940. The contents of each of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference.

The pyrolysis can be generally effected in a wide range of temperatures, between the decomposition temperature of the carbonaceous material and the graphitization temperature (about 3000° C.). Generally, pyrolysis will be effected in the range of from 250 to 2500° C., a preferred range being about 450 to about 800° C.

The carbon membranes contain pores larger than the ultramicropores required for the molecular sieving process. It is believed that these larger pores connect the ultramicropores that perform the molecular sieving process and allow for high productivities in the dry membrane state. Generally, the higher the final temperature used for the pyrolysis of the polymer, the smaller the pores of the product, and thus the smaller the molecules that can permeate through such membranes.

The pyrolysis of suitable precursors, generally under conditions conventionally used for the production of carbon fibers, results in a product that has a certain microporosity of molecular dimensions which is responsible for the molecular sieve properties of the carbons.

During the pyrolysis process, the heating is preferably effected under a vacuum or inert gas (e.g. nitrogen, argon) atmosphere. Controlled thermal degradation of the polymer precursor results in a pore opening, and thus predetermined pore-size ranges can be obtained, suitable for the intended separation process.

For the intended use, it is advantageous to obtain fluid separation membranes having pore size and a pore size distribution that effectively separate specific mixtures of fluids. Generally, a pore size distribution of 3-10 Angstroms is suitable and 3-5 Angstroms is preferable for gas separations.

The carbon molecular sieves (CMS) or particles of the present invention are believed to be nano- and microporous materials that have distributions of pore sizes and interconnected channels that enable fast transport of gas molecules. Within the distribution of pore sizes are constricted, ultramicroporous pore openings with dimensions that are of the same order of magnitude as molecular sizes of gas molecules. It is generally believed that “ultramicropores” (less than 5 Angstroms) perform the molecular sieving (size-selective) process in carbon molecular sieve materials, while larger “micropores” (6 to 10 Angstroms) connecting ultramicropores provide sorption cavities and allow for high fluxes of gas penetrants by promoting larger average diffusional jumps. Thus, the porous nature of carbon molecular sieves of the present invention provides their capability for high gas permeabilities, yet their molecular sieving morphology permits precise discrimination of gas penetrants to yield highly selective membranes.

1. Polymer Precursor Powders and Films

A polymeric powder is preferably the starting material for preparing the carbon molecular sieve particles. The polymeric powders can be formed by example, by milling a polyimide polymer using conventional methodology. Alternatively, polymeric films can be formed by solution casting a polyimide solution using conventional methodology, e.g., casting on a flat glass surface with a variable thickness polymer film applicator. Suitable polyimides can be formed, for example, by reacting suitable dianhydrides with diamines. Preferably, aromatic anhydrides and aromatic diamines are used in condensation reactions to form aromatic polyimides. Aromatic polyimides have rigid backbone structures with high melting point and high glass transition temperatures (>200° C.). In a preferred embodiment, an aromatic polyimide resin is used to form a flat film. A preferred chemical structure is shown below.

The aromatic polyimide shown above is commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals under the trade name Matrimid® 5218. The Matrimid® 5218 polymer resin is soluble in several solvents, and dichloromethane is a preferred solvent.

2. Pyrolysis of the Precursor Powder and Film

Polymer powder is placed in a suitable reactor and pyrolyzed. Virtually any powder size can be used, so long as the pyrolyzed material can be milled to the desired size. Suitable particle sizes for the powder range from about 10 microns to about 500 microns, although thicker or thinner particles can be used. The powder can be placed on a rectangular quartz plate or other similar chemically inert apparatus which can survive the pyrolysis conditions.

Although not as preferred, flat polymer films of desired thickness and area can be cut into desired sections and then pyrolyzed. Suitable film thicknesses range from about 0.001 inch to about 0.003 inch, preferably about 0.002 inch, although thicker or thinner films can be used. The film sections can be placed on a rectangular quartz plate or other similar chemically inert apparatus which can survive the pyrolysis conditions.

The quartz plate and powder, or films as the case may be, can then be placed in any suitable pyrolysis zone, an example of which is a quartz tube sifting in a Thermcraft® tube furnace. In this type of furnace, the tube is substantially centered so that the precursor polymer is within the effective heating zone. Preferably, the pyrolysis occurs in an atmosphere filled with an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon. Alternatively, pyrolysis may also be conducted under vacuum condition wherein the pressure during pyrolysis is preferably between about 0.01 mm Hg and about 0.10 mm Hg, more preferably 0.05 mm Hg or lower.

The pyrolysis typically follows a heating cycle. The polymer precursor is carbonized to a specific structural morphology and carbon composition by controlling the heating protocol with three critical variables: temperature set points, rate at which these temperature set points are reached (“ramp”), and the amount of time maintained at these set points (“soak”). The pyrolysis is generally performed to final temperature set points of 400° C. or greater with soak times ranging from several minutes to several hours. Generally, the pyrolysis results in an amorphous material that is 80 wt. % or greater carbon and possesses a distribution of micropore dimensions with only short-range order of specific pore sizes.

3. Carbon Molecular Sieve Particles

After pyrolysis, the carbon molecular sieve (CMS) powder or membrane films, as the case may be, are formed into small particles, typically by pulverizing them into fine particles using conventional crushing or milling processes. Preferably, a ball mill is used to crush the CMS powder or films into small particle sizes (submicron to micron), with a preferred size being less than 2 microns, more preferably less than 1 micron, and most preferably, between 0.1 and 0.9 microns. The following is a typical procedure: The CMS powder or films are loaded into a small steel cylindrical container of approx. 2-inch in diameter and 3-inch in height (SPEX CertiPrep). Stainless steel ball bearings (⅛ inch and ¼ inch) are placed into the container before sealing the container with an O-ring top and cap. The container is next placed inside a ball mixer/mill (SPEX Model 8000), which provides rapid shaking of the vial container and mechanical force for the ball bearings to crush the films into very fine particles. Scanning electron micrographs indicate a submicron-to-micron distribution of particle sizes.

The particle size of the molecular sieves is less than about 5 microns, and more preferably, less than about 1 micron. Furthermore, smaller particle sizes (less than about 0.1 micron) can also be obtained by other conventional means, such as an ultrahigh-shearing milling apparatus. In addition, smaller particle sizes may be obtained and the particle size distribution may be narrowed by any conventional means, such as decantation and centrifugation.

4. Dispersing and “Sizing” Carbon Molecular Sieve Particles

In a preferred embodiment, the CMS particles are preconditioned at high temperature in a vacuum oven, for example at a temperature of about 300° C. under vacuum for at least 12 hours. After the preconditioning treatment, a desired quantity of CMS particles can be dispersed into a suitable solvent, preferably one which can be used to dissolve the desired organic polymer material that will be the continuous polymer phase in the eventual mixed matrix membrane. It is particularly preferred that the desired organic polymer is miscible in this solvent. The slurry is well agitated and mixed using any suitable method (e.g., shaker or two parallel rollers, etc.) for preferably between about 30 minutes to an hour. To enhance dispersal and homogeneity, a suitable ultrasonic sonicator can be applied to the slurry, for example, for approximately one minute. In a preferred embodiment, a long stainless steel rod from an ultrasonic high-frequency source generator is used to agitate the slurry. The sonication step breaks up conglomerations of CMS particles.

The CMS particles can optionally, but preferably, be “primed” (or “sized”) by adding a small amount of the desired matrix polymer or any suitable “sizing agent” that will be miscible with the organic polymer to be used for the matrix phase. Generally, this small amount of polymer or “sizing agent” is added after the CMS particles have been dispersed in a suitable solvent and sonicated by the ultrasonic agitator source. Optionally, a non-polar non-solvent, in which the polymer or “sizing agent” is insoluble, may be added to the dilute suspension to initiate precipitation of the polymer onto the carbon particles. The “primed” carbon particles may be removed through filtration and dried by any conventional means, for example in a vacuum oven, prior to re-dispersion in the suitable solvent for casting. The small amount of polymer or “sizing agent” provides an initial thin coating (i.e., boundary layer) on the CMS particle surface that will aid in making the particles compatible with the polymer matrix.

In a preferred embodiment, approximately 10% of total polymer material amount to be added for the final mixed matrix membrane is used to “prime” the CMS particles. The slurry is agitated and mixed for preferably between about 6 and 7 hours. After mixing, the remaining amount of polymer to be added is deposited into the slurry. The quantity of CMS particles and the amount of polymer added will determine the “loading” (or solid particle concentration) in the final mixed matrix membrane. Without limiting the invention, the loading of CMS particles is preferably from about 10 vol. % to about 60 vol. %, and more preferably, from about 20 vol. % to about 50 vol. %. To achieve the desired viscosity, the polymer solution concentration in the solvent is preferably from about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. %. Finally, the slurry is again well agitated and mixed by any suitable means for about 12 hours.

This technique of “priming” the particles with a small amount of the polymer before incorporating the particles into a polymer film is believed to make the particles more compatible with the polymer film. It is also believed to promote greater affinity/adhesion between the particles and the polymers and may eliminate defects in the mixed matrix membranes. This “priming” technique is believed to be generally applicable to particles placed in polymer membranes, for example those membranes using zeolites rather than CMS particles. Accordingly, the invention described herein also includes a general method for “priming” particles for inclusion in polymer membranes.

III. Methods of Forming the Mixed Matrix Membrane

The mixed matrix membranes are typically formed by casting the homogeneous slurry containing CMS particles and the desired polymer, as described above. The slurry can be mixed, for example, using homogenizers and/or ultrasound to maximize the dispersion of the particles in the polymer or polymer solution. The casting process is preferably performed by three steps:

(1) pouring the solution onto a flat, horizontal surface (preferably glass surface),

(2) slowly and virtually completely evaporating the solvent from the solution to form a solid membrane film, and

(3) drying the membrane film.

To control the membrane thickness and area, the solution is preferably poured into a metal ring mold. Slow evaporation of the solvent is preferably effected by covering the area and restricting the flux of the evaporating solvent. Generally, evaporation takes about 12 hours to complete, but can take longer depending on the solvent used. The solid membrane film is preferably removed from the flat surface and placed in a vacuum oven to dry. The temperature of the vacuum oven is preferably set from about 50° C. to about 110° C. (or about 50° C. above the normal boiling point of the solvent) to remove remaining solvent and to anneal the final mixed matrix membrane.

The final, dried mixed matrix membrane can be further annealed above its glass transition temperature (T_(g)). The T_(g) of the mixed matrix membrane can be determined by any suitable method (e.g., differential scanning calorimetry). The mixed matrix film can be secured on a flat surface and placed in a high temperature vacuum oven. The pressure in the vacuum oven (e.g., Thermcraft® furnace tube) is preferably between about 0.01 mm Hg to about 0.10 mm Hg. Preferably, the system is evacuated until the pressure is 0.05 mm Hg or lower. A heating protocol is programmed so that the temperature reaches the T_(g) of the mixed matrix membrane preferably in about 2 to about 3 hours. The temperature is then raised to preferably about 10° C. to about 30° C., but most preferably about 20° C., above the T_(g) and maintained at that temperature for about 30 minutes to about two hours. After the heating cycle is complete, the mixed matrix membrane is allowed to cool to ambient temperature under vacuum.

The resulting mixed matrix membrane is an effective membrane material for separation of one or more gaseous components from gaseous mixtures including the desired component(s) and other components. In a non-limiting example of use, the resulting membrane has the ability to separate carbon dioxide from methane, is permeable to these substances, and has adequate strength, heat resistance, durability and solvent resistance to be used in commercial purifications. While not wishing to be bound to a particular theory, the molecular sieves are believed to improve the performance of the mixed matrix membrane by including selective holes/pores with a size that permits carbon dioxide to pass through, but either not permitting methane to pass through, or permitting it to pass through at a significantly slower rate. The molecular sieves should have higher selectivity for the desired gas separation than the original polymer to enhance the performance of the mixed matrix membrane. For the desired gas separation in the mixed matrix membrane, it is preferred that the steady-state permeability of the faster permeating gas component in the molecular sieves be at least equal to that of the faster permeating gas in the original polymer matrix phase. An advantage of the mixed matrix membranes described herein over membranes including primarily the continuous carbon-based molecular sieve membrane films and fibers is that they are significantly less brittle.

The membranes can be used in any convenient form such as sheets, tubes or hollow fibers. Hollow fibers can be preferred, since they provide a relatively large membrane area per unit volume. Sheets can be used to fabricate spiral wound modules familiar to those skilled in the art.

For flat-sheet membranes, the thickness of the mixed matrix selective layer is between about 0.001 and 0.005 inches, preferably about 0.002 inches. In asymmetric hollow fiber form, the thickness of the mixed matrix selective skin layer is preferably about 1000 Angstroms to about 5000 Angstroms. The loading of CMS particles in the continuous polymer phase is between about 10% and 60%, preferably about 20% to 50% by volume.

IV. Mixed Matrix Membrane Enhancement Test

A test can be prepared to verify that the carbon molecular sieves formed via pyrolysis have been properly and successfully made to produce mixed matrix membranes with enhanced permeation properties. This test involves preparation of a sample mixed matrix membrane film using a test polymer and a specified loading of carbon molecular sieve particles, and comparing the CO₂/CH₄ permeation selectivity versus a membrane film of the same test polymer without added sieve. The CO₂/CH₄ permeation selectivity is determined by taking the ratio of the permeability of CO₂ over that of CH₄. The permeability of a gas penetrant i is a pressure- and thickness-normalized flux of the component through the membrane and is defined by the expression: $P_{i} = \frac{N_{i} \cdot l}{\Delta \quad p_{i}}$

where P_(i) is permeability of component i, l is thickness of the membrane layer, N_(i) is component i's flux (volumetric flow rate per unit membrane area) through the membrane, and Δp_(i) is the partial pressure driving force of component i (partial pressure difference between the upstream to the downstream). Permeability is often expressed in the customary unit of Barrer (1 Barrer=10⁻¹⁰ cm³ (STP)·cm/cm²·s·cm Hg). Permeability measurements can be made using a manometric, or constant volume, method. The apparatus for performing permeation measurements in films are described in O'Brien et al., J. Membrane Sci., 29, 229 (1986) and Costello et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, 2708 (1992), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

In the Mixed Matrix Enhancement Test, permeation tests of pure gases of CO₂ and CH₄ are performed on the mixed matrix membrane. The mixed matrix membrane film is separately tested with each gas using an upstream pressure of about 50 psia and a vacuum downstream. A temperature of about 35° C. is maintained inside the permeation system. Similar permeation tests of pure gases of CO₂ and CH₄ are performed on a prepared membrane film of the same test polymer without added sieve particles. To confirm that the carbon molecular sieve particles have been properly produced and prepared by the methods described herein, the mixed matrix membrane film should exhibit a CO₂/CH₄ selectivity enhancement in the Mixed Matrix Enhancement Test, of 10% or more over the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of the pure test polymer membrane alone.

The method for forming the sample mixed matrix membrane for use in the Enhancement Test is as follows:

(1) The CMS fine particles are preconditioned at high temperature in a vacuum oven at a temperature of about 300° C. under vacuum for at least 12 hours. After the preconditioning treatment, these CMS particles can be used to prepare a sample mixed matrix membrane film. For the purpose of the Enhancement Test, the CMS particles are dispersed in the solvent dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂).

(2) After dispersal in CH₂Cl₂, the CMS particles are sonicated in solution for about 1 minute with an ultrasonic rod in the vial and are well-mixed, as described previously. Large CMS particles in the slurry are separated from the fine particles by any conventional means, for example, decantation or centrifugation. After sonication and isolation of finer CMS particles, the CMS particles are ready for “priming” (or “sizing”) with the matrix polymer. For the purpose of the Enhancement Test, the polymer to be used for the matrix phase is Ultem® 1000 (GE Plastics). Its chemical structure is shown below.

Prior to use, the Ultem® 1000 polymer is dried at a temperature of about 100° C. under vacuum for at least 12 hours in a vacuum oven. For “priming” the CMS particles, typically 10 wt. % of the total amount of matrix polymer (Ultem® 1000) to be added to the slurry is used. For the Enhancement Test, it is desired to prepare the final slurry of CMS particles and polymer with the following properties: a weight ratio of Ultem® 1000 to CMS particles of about 4 to 1 (i.e., a “loading” of about 20 wt. % of CMS particles in the final mixed matrix membrane) and a slurry concentration of about 15 to about 20 wt. % solids (CMS particles and polymer) in CH₂Cl₂ solvent. After “priming” the CMS particles with Ultem® 1000, the slurry is well-mixed by any conventional means for about 12 hours. The remaining amount of Ultem® 1000 polymer is added to the slurry, and the final slurry is again well-mixed by any conventional means for about 12 hours.

(3) The polymer/CMS slurry is poured onto a flat, leveled, clean horizontal glass surface placed inside a controlled environment (e.g., plastic glove bag). To decrease the evaporation rate, the controlled environment is near-saturated with CH₂Cl₂ solvent. A stainless steel film applicator (Paul N. Gardner Co.) is used to draw/spread the CMS/polymer slurry to a uniform thickness. An inverted glass funnel was used to cover the solution. The tip of the funnel is covered with lint-free tissue paper to further control the evaporation rate. The solvent from the polymer film slowly evaporates over about a 12-hour time period. The dried film approximately has a thickness of about 30 to about 60 microns. After drying, the membrane film is annealed at a temperature of about 100° C. for about 12 hours in vacuum.

(4) To perform the Enhancement Test, permeability measurements of the flat mixed matrix membrane films are required. The measurements can be made using a manometric, or constant volume, method. The apparatus is described in references previously cited in this section. A sample film area from final mixed matrix film is masked with adhesive aluminum masks having a circular, pre-cut, exposed area for permeation through the membrane. The masked membrane can be placed in a permeation cell and the permeation system. Both the upstream and downstream sections of the permeation system are evacuated for about 24 hours to 48 hours to remove (“degas”) any gases or vapors sorbed into the membrane. Permeation tests of the membrane can be performed by pressurizing the upstream side with the desired gas at the desired pressure. The permeation rate can be measured from the pressure rise of a pressure transducer and using the known downstream (permeate) volume. Following the permeation testing of a given gas, both the upstream and downstream sections are evacuated for at least 12 hours before permeation testing of the next gas.

With the above procedure, the CO₂ and CH₄ permeabilities are measured for the test mixed matrix membrane and the pure test polymer (Ultem® 1000). The CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of the mixed matrix membrane is compared to the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of the pure test polymer (Ultem® 1000) alone. A CO₂/CH₄ selectivity enhancement of 10% or more should be observed in the mixed matrix membrane film.

V. Separation Systems Including the Membranes

The membranes may take any form known in the art, for example hollow fibers, tubular shapes, and other membrane shapes. Some other membrane shapes include spiral wound, pleated, flat sheet, or polygonal tubes. Multiple hollow fiber membrane tubes can be preferred for their relatively large fluid contact area. The contact area may be further increased by adding additional tubes or tube contours. Contact may also be increased by altering the gaseous flow by increasing fluid turbulence or swirling.

The preferred glassy materials that provide good gas selectivity, for example carbon dioxide/methane selectivity, tend to have relatively low permeabilities. A preferred form for the membranes is, therefore, integrally skinned or composite asymmetric hollow fibers, which can provide both a very thin selective skin layer and a high packing density, to facilitate use of large membrane areas. Hollow tubes can also be used.

Sheets can be used to fabricate a flat stack permeator that includes a multitude of membrane layers alternately separated by feed-retentate spacers and permeate spacers. The layers can be glued along their edges to define separate feed-retentate zones and permeate zones. Devices of this type are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,532, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

The membranes can be included in a separation system that includes an outer perforated shell surrounding one or more inner tubes that contain the mixed matrix membranes. The shell and the inner tubes can be surrounded with packing to isolate a contaminant collection zone.

In one mode of operation, a gaseous mixture enters the separation system via a containment collection zone through the perforations in the outer perforated shell. The gaseous mixture passes upward through the inner tubes. As the gaseous mixture passes through the inner tubes, one or more components of the mixture permeate out of the inner tubes through the selective membrane and enter the containment collection zone.

The membranes can be included in a cartridge and used for permeating contaminants from a gaseous mixture. The contaminants can permeate out through the membrane, while the desired components continue out the top of the membrane. The membranes may be stacked within a perforated tube to form the inner tubes or may be interconnected to form a self-supporting tube.

Each one of the stacked membrane elements may be designed to permeate one or more components of the gaseous mixture. For example, one membrane may be designed for removing carbon dioxide, a second for removing hydrogen sulfide, and a third for removing nitrogen. The membranes may be stacked in different arrangements to remove various components from the gaseous mixture in different orders.

Different components may be removed into a single contaminant collection zone and disposed of together, or they may be removed into different zones. The membranes may be arranged in series or parallel configurations or in combinations thereof depending on the particular application.

The membranes may be removable and replaceable by conventional retrieval technology such as wire line, coil tubing, or pumping. In addition to replacement, the membrane elements may be cleaned in place by pumping gas, liquid, detergent, or other material past the membrane to remove materials accumulated on the membrane surface.

A gas separation system including the membranes described herein may be of a variable length depending on the particular application.

The gaseous mixture can flow through the membrane(s) following an inside-out flow path where the mixture flows into the inside of the tube(s) of the membranes and the components which are removed permeate out through the tube. Alternatively, the gaseous mixture can flow through the membrane following an outside-in flow path.

In order to prevent or reduce possibly damaging contact between liquid or particulate contaminates and the membranes, the flowing gaseous mixture may be caused to rotate or swirl within an outer tube. This rotation may be achieved in any known manner, for example using one or more spiral deflectors. A vent may also be provided for removing and/or sampling components removed from the gaseous mixture.

The membranes are preferably durable, resistant to high temperatures, and resistant to exposure to liquids. The materials may be coated, ideally with a polymer, to help prevent fouling and improve durability. Examples of suitable polymers include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,288,304 and 4,728,345, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Barrier materials may also be used as a pre-filter for removing particulates and other contaminants which may damage the membranes.

VI. Methods of Forming Hollow Fibers

Hollow fibers can be formed, for example, by extruding a polymer/molecular sieve mixture through a tubular capillary nozzle with a core fluid used for the purpose of retaining the hollow fiber shape. These fibers typically have the diameter of a human hair and offer the advantage of maximizing the surface area per unit volume. Industrial hollow fiber membrane modules typically contain hundreds of thousands of individual hollow fibers.

Specifically, to maximize productivity, the hollow fibers typically include an ultrathin (<2000 Angstroms) “skin” layer on a porous support. Gas separation is accomplished through this selective “skin.” This outer“skin” layer may be supported on the same polymer to form an integrally skinned asymmetric hollow fiber membrane. The most advanced membranes have an asymmetric sheath with the selective skin supported on an inexpensive porous core layer (different polymer) to form a composite hollow fiber membrane. This type of device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,676, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In the present invention, the selective outer skin or sheath is comprised of the carbon molecular sieve membrane including the carbon molecular sieve particles dispersed in a continuous phase polymer. The supportive core preferably does not contain sieve particles, but may.

Hollow fibers can be employed in bundled arrays potted at either end to form tube sheets and fitted into a pressure vessel thereby isolating the insides of the tubes from the outsides of the tubes. Devices of this type are known in the art. Preferably, the direction of flow in a hollow fiber element will be counter-current rather than co-current or even transverse. Such counter-current flow can be achieved by wrapping the hollow fiber bundle in a spiral wrap of flow-impeding material. This spiral wrap extends from a central mandrel at the center of the bundle and spirals outward to the outer periphery of the bundle. The spiral wrap contains holes along the top and bottom ends whereby gas entering the bundle for tube side flow at one end is partitioned by passage through the holes and forced to flow parallel to the hollow fiber down the channel created by the spiral wrap. This flow direction is counter-current to the direction of flow inside the hollow fiber. At the bottom of the channels the gas re-emerges from the hollow fiber bundle through the holes at the opposite end of the spiral wrap and is directed out of the module.

VII. Purification Process

A mixture containing gases to be separated, for example carbon dioxide and methane, can be enriched by a gas-phase process through the mixed matrix membrane, for example, in any of the above-configurations.

The preferred conditions for enriching the mixture involve using a temperature between about 25° C. and 200° C. and a pressure of between about 50 psia and 5000 psia. These conditions can be varied using routine experimentation depending on the feed streams.

Other gas mixtures can be purified with the mixed matrix membrane in any of the above configurations. For example, applications include enrichment of air by nitrogen or oxygen, nitrogen or hydrogen removal from methane streams, or carbon monoxide from syngas streams. The mixed matrix membrane can also be used in hydrogen separation from refinery streams and other process streams, for example from the dehydrogenation reaction effluent in the catalytic dehydrogenation of paraffins. Generally, the mixed matrix membrane may be used in any separation process with gas mixtures involving, for example, hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, helium, and oxygen. The gases that can be separated are those with kinetic diameters that allow passage through the molecular sieves. The kinetic diameter (also referred to herein as “molecular size”) of gas molecules are well known, and the kinetic diameters of voids in molecular sieves are also well known, and are described, for example, in D. W. Breck, Zeolite Molecular Sieves, Wiley (1974), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

VIII. Additional Purification

If additional purification is required, the product in the permeate stream can be passed through additional membranes, and/or the product can be purified via distillation using techniques well known to those of skill in the art. Typically, membrane systems may consist of many modules connected in various configurations (See, for example, Prasad et al., J. Membrane Sci., 94, 225-248 (1994), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for background and review). Modules connected in series offer many design possibilities to purify the feed, permeate, and residue streams to increase the separation purity of the streams and to optimize the membrane system performance.

IX. Combinations of Polymers to Make Mixed Matrix Membrane

In many instances it is difficult to find polymers that are miscible with each other. Most glassy polymers are not miscible with each other. Surprisingly, Ultem® 1000 and Matrimid® 5218 are miscible with each other. Mixed matrix membrane films have been made where the carbon sieve particles were “primed” with a small amount of Ultem® 1000, but were eventually dispersed in a continuous phase polymer of Matrimid® 5218. The particles were made by pyrolyzing and milling the polymer Matrimid® 5218. Accordingly, it is also within the scope of this invention in making mixed matrix membranes to use differing polymers for two or all three constituents of the mixed matrix membrane, i.e., the pyrolyzed sieve particles, the priming polymer and the continuous phase polymer. It is believed pyrolyzed sieve particles made from a precursor polymer of one of 6FDA/BPDA-DAM, 6FDA-6FpDA or 6FDA-IPDA or other suitable polyimides or non-graphitizing pyrolyzable materials (e.g., Ultem® 1000) may be combined with the Ultem® 1000 or Matrimid® 5218 as the continuous polymer phase or priming polymer.

The present invention will be better understood with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLE 1

Pyrolysis of Polymer Powder to Form CMS Powder

Pyrolyzed powder of Matrimid® 5218 was prepared in a method presented herein. Its chemical structure has been shown previously. The following steps were used:

1) 2.0 grams of Matrimid® 5218 (Ciba Specialty Chemicals) polymer powder were dried at a temperature of about 100° C. for about 12 hours in a vacuum oven.

2) The dried Matrimid® 5218 polymer powder was evenly spread across a rectangular plate of quartz to form a thin layer of about 2 mm in thickness.

3) The Matrimid® 5218 polymer powder and quartz plate were placed inside a quartz tube (4.0 inch in outer diameter) in a Thermcraft® furnace.

The Matrimid® 5218 polymer powder was pyrolyzed with a heating protocol regulated by an Omega temperature controller (Model CN2000). The pyrolysis typically follows a heating cycle as follows: The polymer precursor powder is carbonized to a specific structural morphology and carbon composition by controlling the heating protocol with three critical variables: temperature set points, rate at which these temperature set points are reached (“ramp”), and the amount of time maintained at these set points (“soak”). The pyrolysis can be operated with final temperature set points up to about 1000° C., preferably up to at least 500° C. as the final set point temperature, and more preferably from about 550° C. to about 800° C. as the final set point temperature. The pyrolysis “soak” times can be performed with times up to about 10 hours, preferably at least about 1 hour, and more preferably from about 2 hours to about 8 hours. In this Example, the heating cycle was initiated with the following protocol (where SP=set point): start at SP0, which is about 50° C. then heated to SP1, which is about 250° C. at a rate of about 13.3° C./min, then heated to SP2, which is about 785° C. at a rate of about 3.57° C./min, then heated to SP3, which is about 800° C. at a rate of about 0.25° C./min; the SP3, which is about 800° C., is maintained for about 2 hours. After the heating cycle is complete, the system is typically allowed to cool under vacuum. The pyrolyzed powder is removed once the system temperature drops below about 40° C.

EXAMPLE 2

Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation

The pyrolyzed carbon molecular sieve (CMS) powder manufactured from Example 1 was pulverized into fine particles by a ball mill (SPEX CertiPrep). The pyrolyzed CMS powder was loaded into a small steel cylindrical container of approx. 2-inch in diameter and 3-inch in height. Stainless steel ball bearings (four ⅛ inch balls and two ¼ inch balls) were placed into the container before sealing the container with an O-ring top and cap. After about 1 hour in the ball mill, the resulting, fine CMS particles were removed from the container. Scanning electron micrographs indicate particle sizes ranging from submicron to micron.

A mixed matrix membrane was prepared with the CMS particles as the disperse phase. The high-performance, glassy, engineering polymer known as Ultem® 1000 was used as the polymer matrix phase in the mixed matrix membrane. Ultem® 1000 is a polyetherimide and is commercially available from General Electric Plastics. The CMS particles were preconditioned, dispersed and sonicated in CH₂Cl₂ solvent, and “primed” with the Ultem® 1000 polymer. The mixed matrix membrane was formed in the following steps:

1) 0.200 grams of CMS particles were added to a 40-mL vial containing about 3 ml of CH₂Cl₂. The CMS particles were sonicated in solution for about 1 minute with an ultrasonic rod in the vial. The slurry was well agitated and mixed for about 2 hours on rotating parallel rollers.

2) The large CMS particles in the slurry were separated from the fine particles by any conventional means, for example, decantation or centrifugation. In this example, the slurry in the vial was taken off the rollers and allowed to stand for about 6 hours to let large particles to settle to the bottom of the vial. The finer particles still dispersed in solution were decanted into a new 40-mL vial via a transfer Pasteur pipet. Mass measurements indicated that 0.184 g of “fine” CMS particles were in the new 40-mL vial.

3) 0.025 grams of Ultem® 1000 was added to the solution slurry. The solution was well mixed by rotating parallel rollers for about 12 hours. This step is “priming” (or “sizing”) the CMS particles.

4) 0.713 grams of Ultem® 1000 was added to the solution to form a solution with 20.0 wt. % or 17.5 vol. % loading of CMS particles. The solution was well mixed by rotating on parallel rollers for about 12 hours.

5) The polymer/CMS solution was poured onto a flat, clean horizontal glass surface placed inside a controlled environment (e.g., plastic glove bag). A stainless steel film applicator (Paul N. Gardner Co., 10 mil thickness doctor blade) was used to draw/spread the CMS/polymer solution to a uniform thickness. An inverted glass funnel was used to cover the solution. The tip of the funnel was covered with lint-free tissue paper to control the evaporation rate.

6) The solvent from the polymer film slowly evaporated over about a 12-hour time period. The film was about 40 microns in thickness.

7) After drying, the membrane film was annealed at a temperature of about 100° C. for about 12 hours in vacuum.

EXAMPLE 3

Membrane Evaluation

Permeability measurements of the flat mixed matrix membrane films can be made using a manometric, or constant volume, method. The apparatus for performing permeation measurements on dense, flat polymeric films are described in O'Brien et al., J. Membrane Sci., 29, 229 (1986) and Costello et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, 2708 (1992), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The permeation system includes a thermostated chamber containing two receiver volumes for the upstream and downstream, a membrane cell, a MKS Baratron® absolute pressure transducer (0-10 torr) for the downstream, an analog or digital high pressure gauge (0-1000 psia) for the upstream, stainless steel tubing, Nupro® bellows seal valves, and Cajon VCR® metal face seal connections. The chamber temperature can be regulated for permeation measurements ranging from 25° C. to 75° C.

The schematic of the permeation testing apparatus is shown in FIG. 1, where 1 is a heated chamber, 2 is a supply gas cylinder, 3 is a vacuum pump, 4 is the feed receiver volume, 5 is the permeate receiver volume, 6 is a pressure transducer, 7 is a membrane cell, 8 is a thermostat-controlled heater, 9 is a fan and 10 is a pressure gauge.

Flat membrane films can be masked with adhesive aluminum masks having a circular, pre-cut, exposed area for permeation through the membrane. Application of 5-minute epoxy at the interface between membrane and the aluminum mask was often necessary to prevent non-selective gas flow between the aluminum mask adhesive and membrane.

After drying the epoxy for approximately 12 to about 24 hours, the masked membrane can be placed in a permeation cell and the permeation system. Both the upstream and downstream sections of the permeation system were evacuated for about 24 hours to 48 hours to remove (“degas”) any gases or vapors sorbed into the membrane. Permeation tests of the membrane can be performed by pressurizing the upstream with the desired gas at the desired pressure. The permeation rate can be measured from the pressure rise of the MKS Baratron® pressure transducer and using the known downstream (permeate) volume. The pressure rise is plotted on a strip chart recorder. Following the permeation testing of a given gas, both the upstream and downstream sections were evacuated overnight before permeation testing of the next gas.

EXAMPLE 4

Permeation Testing of a Mixed Matrix Film

A section from the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film in Example 2 was cut to an appropriate size and dimension and used in a permeation testing cell to measure the permeabilities for several gases: CH₄, N₂, O₂, and CO₂, as described by Example 3. The upstream side of the CMS membrane film was separately exposed to each of the above gases at a pressure of 50 psia. The downstream side of the CMS membrane was maintained at a vacuum, resulting in differential pressure driving force of 50 psia across the CMS membrane. With the permeation system maintained at a constant temperature of 35° C., the flux of each of the above gases through the membrane was measured with a pressure-rise method. Results are shown in Table 1 with the individual gas permeabilities of the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film and the individual gas permeabilities of a pure Ultem® 1000 film (measured in a similar fashion).

TABLE 1 Permeability (10⁻¹⁰ cm³ (STP) · cm/cm² · s · cm Hg) Ultem ®-CMS mixed matrix film Gas (20.0 wt. % or 17.5 vol. % Component CMS) Pure Ultem ® film CH₄ 0.060 0.037 N₂ 0.091 0.052 O₂ 0.71 0.38 CO₂ 2.95 1.45

From the permeability values in Table 1, the permeability ratios (selectivity) of the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film (20.0 wt. % or 17.5 vol. % CMS) membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 7.80 and 49.2, respectively. The permeability ratios (selectivity) of an original pure Ultem® membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 7.31 and 39.1, respectively. In the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film, the O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity has been enhanced by 7% and 26%, respectively, over those of the original Ultem® polymer. Furthermore, the O₂ and CO₂ permeabilities (“fast-gas” components) have been enhanced by 87% and 103%, respectively, over those of the original Ultem® polymer.

EXAMPLE 5

Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation

A mixed matrix membrane was prepared with the CMS particles as the disperse phase. The CMS particles were obtained in a manner similar to that set in Example 1 and pulverized into fine particles with the same procedure described in Example 2.

Matrimid® 5218 was used as the polymer matrix phase in the mixed matrix membrane. Matrimid® 5218 is a polyimide and is commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals.

1) 0.200 grams of CMS particles were added to a 40-mL vial containing about 3 ml of CH₂Cl₂. The CMS particles were sonicated in solution for about 1 minute with an ultrasonic rod in the vial. The slurry was well agitated and mixed for about 2 hours on rotating parallel rollers.

2) The large CMS particles in the slurry were separated from the fine particles by any conventional means, for example, decantation or centrifugation. In this Example, the slurry in the vial was taken off the rollers and allowed to stand for about 6 hours to let large particles to settle to the bottom of the vial. The finer particles still dispersed in solution were decanted into a new 40-mL vial via a transfer Pasteur pipet. Mass measurements indicated that 0.181 g of “fine” CMS particles were in the new 40-mL vial.

3) 0.025 grams of Matrimid® 5218 was added to the solution slurry. The solution was well mixed by rotating parallel rollers for about 12 hours. This step is “priming” (or “sizing”) the CMS particles.

4) 0.701 grams of Matrimid® 5218 was added to the solution to form a solution with 20.0 wt. % or 16.7 vol. % loading of CMS particles. The solution was well mixed by rotating on parallel rollers for about 12 hours.

5) The polymer/CMS solution was poured onto a flat, clean horizontal glass surface placed inside a controlled environment (e.g., plastic glove bag). A stainless steel film applicator (Paul N. Gardner Co., 10 mil thickness doctor blade) was used to draw/spread the CMS/polymer solution to a uniform thickness. An inverted glass funnel was used to cover the solution. The tip of the funnel was covered with lint-free tissue paper to control the evaporation rate.

6) The solvent from the polymer film slowly evaporated over about a 12-hour time period. The film was about 1.78 microns in thickness.

7) After drying, the membrane film was annealed at a temperature of about 100° C. for about 12 hours in vacuum and 250° C. for about 1 hour.

EXAMPLE 6

Permeation Testing of Mixed Matrix Film

A section from the Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix film in Example 5 was cut to an appropriate size and dimension and used in a permeation testing cell to measure the permeabilities for several gases: CH₄, N₂, O₂, and CO₂, as described in Example 3. The upstream side of the CMS membrane film was separately exposed to each of the above gases at a pressure of 50 psia. The downstream side of the CMS membrane was maintained at a vacuum, resulting in differential pressure driving force of 50 psia across the CMS membrane. With the permeation system maintained at a constant temperature of 35° C., the flux of each of the above gases through the membrane was measured with a pressure-rise method. Results are shown in Table 2 with the individual gas permeabilities of the Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix film and the individual gas permeabilities of a pure Matrimid® film (measured in a similar fashion).

TABLE 2 Permeability (10⁻¹⁰ cm³ (STP) · cm/cm² · s · cm Hg) Gas Matrimid ®-CMS mixed matrix film Pure Component (20.0 wt. % or 16.7 vol. % CMS) Matrimid ® film CH₄ 0.23 0.28 N₂ 0.35 0.32 O₂ 2.41 2.11 CO₂ 10.6 9.96

From the permeability values in Table 2, the permeability ratios (selectivity) of the Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix (20.0 wt. % or 16.7 vol. % CMS) membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 6.9 and 46.1, respectively. The permeability ratios (selectivity) of an original pure Matrimid® membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 6.6 and 35.6, respectively. In the Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix film, the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity has been enhanced by 29% over that of the original Matrimid® polymer. The O₂/N₂ selectivity in the mixed matrix film does not show appreciable enhancement. The O₂ and CO₂ permeabilities (“fast-gas” components) in the mixed matrix film have been enhanced by 14% and 6%, respectively, over those of the original Matrimid® polymer.

EXAMPLE 7

Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation

A mixed matrix membrane was prepared with CMS particles as the dispersed phase at a higher loading. In this Example, a high loading of 35.0 wt. % (or 31.3 vol. %) of CMS particles in a polymer matrix is described. The CMS particles were obtained in a manner similar to that set in Example 1 and pulverized into fine particles with the same procedure described in Example 2. The polyetherimide Ultem® 1000 was used as the polymer matrix phase in the mixed matrix membrane. The chemical structure of Ultem® 1000 has been shown previously in Example 2.

The CMS particles were preconditioned, dispersed and sonicated in CH₂Cl₂ solvent, and “primed” with the Ultem® 1000 polymer. The mixed matrix membrane was formed in the following steps:

1) 0.380 grams of CMS particles were added to a 40-mL vial containing about 3 ml of CH₂Cl₂. The CMS particles were sonicated in solution for about 1 minute with an ultrasonic rod in the vial. The slurry was well agitated and mixed for about 2 hours on rotating parallel rollers.

2) The large CMS particles in the slurry were separated from the fine particles by any conventional means, for example, decantation or centrifugation. In this Example, the slurry in the vial was taken off the rollers and allowed to stand for about 6 hours to let large particles to settle to the bottom of the vial. The finer particles still dispersed in solution were decanted into a new 40-mL vial via a transfer Pasteur pipet. Mass measurements indicated that 0.313 g of “fine” CMS particles were in the new 40-mL vial.

3) 0.025 grams of Ultem® 1000 was added to the solution slurry. The solution was well mixed by rotating parallel rollers for about 12 hours. This step is “priming” (or “sizing”) the CMS particles.

4) 0.557 grams of Ultem® 1000 was added to the solution to form a solution with 35.0 wt. % or 31.3 vol. % loading of CMS particles. The solution was well mixed by rotating on parallel rollers for about 12 hours.

5) The polymer/CMS solution was poured onto a flat, clean horizontal glass surface placed inside a controlled environment (e.g., plastic glove bag). A stainless steel film applicator (Paul N. Gardner Co., 10 mil thickness doctor blade) was used to draw/spread the CMS/polymer solution to a uniform thickness. An inverted glass funnel was used to cover the solution. The tip of the funnel was covered with lint-free tissue paper to control the evaporation rate.

6) The solvent from the polymer film slowly evaporated over about a 12-hour time period. The film was about 70 microns in thickness.

7) After drying, the membrane film was annealed at a temperature of about 100° C. for about 12 hours in vacuum.

EXAMPLE 8

Permeation of a Mixed Matrix Film

A section from the high-loading Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film in Example 7 was cut to an appropriate size and dimension and used in a permeation testing cell to measure the permeabilities for several gases: CH₄, N₂, O₂, and CO₂, as described by Example 3. The upstream side of the CMS membrane film was separately exposed to each of the above gases at a pressure of 50 psia. The downstream side of the CMS membrane was maintained at a vacuum, resulting in differential pressure driving force of 50 psia across the CMS membrane. With the permeation system maintained at a constant temperature of 35° C., the flux of each of the above gases through the membrane was measured with a pressure-rise method. Results are shown in Table 3 with the individual gas permeabilities of the high-loading Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film and the individual gas permeabilities of a pure Ultem® film (measured in a similar fashion).

TABLE 3 Permeability (10⁻¹⁰ cm³ (STP) · cm/cm² · s · cm Hg) Gas Ultem ®-CMS mixed matrix film Component (35.0 wt. % or 31.3 vol. % CMS) Pure Ultem ® film CH₄ 0.084 0.037 N₂ 0.136 0.052 O₂ 1.09 0.38 CO₂ 4.48 1.45

From the permeability values in Table 3, the permeability ratios (selectivity) of the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film (35.0 wt. % or 31.3 vol. % CMS) membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 8.01 and 53.3, respectively. The permeability ratios (selectivity) of an original pure Ultem® membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 7.31 and 39.1, respectively. In the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film, the O₂/N₂and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity has been enhanced by 10% and 36%, respectively, over those of the original Ultem® polymer. Furthermore, the O₂ and CO₂ permeabilities (“fast-gas” components) have been enhanced by 187% and 209%, respectively, over those of the original Ultem® polymer.

EXAMPLE 9

Carbon Membrane Preparation for Pyrolysis

A polyimide precursor film of Matrimid® 5218 was prepared in a method presented herein. Its chemical structure has been shown previously. The following steps were used:

1) 3.0 grams of Matrimid® 5218 (Ciba Specialty Chemicals) were added to 20 ml of CH₂Cl₂ solvent (Fisher; ACS reagent grade). The solution was well mixed by rotating parallel rollers for about 12 hours.

2) The polymer solution was poured onto a flat, clean horizontal glass surface placed inside a controlled environment (e.g., plastic glove bag). A stainless steel film applicator (Paul N. Gardner Co., 10 mil thickness doctor blade) was used to draw/spread the polymer solution to a uniform thickness for an area of approximately 200 cm².

3) The solvent from the polymer film slowly evaporated over about a 12-hour time period. The film was about 30 microns in thickness.

4) After drying, the membrane film was annealed at a temperature of about 100° C. for about 12 hours in vacuum.

The dried polymer film of Matrimid® 5218 was cut into 3 rectangular sections of about 37.2 cm², 39.4 cm², and 36.0 cm². The films were placed on a rectangular plate of quartz. The films and quartz plate were placed inside a quartz tube (4.0 inch in outer diameter) in a Thermcraft furnace oven and were pyrolyzed with a heating protocol regulated by an Omega temperature controller. The pyrolysis typically follows a heating cycle as follows: The polymer precursor films are carbonized to a specific structural morphology and carbon composition by controlling the heating protocol with three critical variables: temperature set points, rate at which these temperature set points are reached (“ramp”), and the amount of time maintained at these set points (“soak”). The pyrolysis can be operated with final temperature set points up to about 1000° C., preferably up to at least 500° C. as the final set point temperature, and more preferably from about 550° C. to about 800° C. as the final set point temperature. The pyrolysis “soak” times can be performed with times up to about 10 hours, preferably at least about 1 hour, and more preferably from about 2 hours to about 8 hours. In this Example, the heating cycle was initiated with the following protocol (where SP=set point): start at SP0, which is about 50° C. then heated to SP1, which is about 250° C. at a rate of about 13.3° C./min, then heated to SP2, which is about 785° C. at a rate of about 3.57° C./min, then heated to SP3, which is about 800° C. at a rate of about 0.25° C./min; the SP3, which is about 800° C., is maintained for about 2 hours. After the heating cycle is complete, the system is typically allowed to cool under vacuum. The carbon membranes are removed once the system temperature drops below about 40° C.

After the pyrolysis, the resulting CMS films lost approximately 46.7% in mass with about the following areas: 15.0 cm², 15.6 cm², and 14.8 cm².

EXAMPLE 10

Membrane Evaluation

Permeability measurements of pure carbon molecular sieve flat membranes and flat mixed matrix films can be made using a manometric, or constant volume, method. The apparatus for performing permeation measurements on dense, flat polymeric films are described in O'Brien et al., J. Membrane Sci., 29, 229 (1986) and Costello et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, 2708 (1992), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. The permeation system includes a thermostated chamber containing two receiver volumes for the upstream and downstream, a membrane cell, a MKS Baratron® absolute pressure transducer (0-10 torr) for the downstream, an analog or digital high pressure gauge (0-1000 psia) for the upstream, stainless steel tubing, Nupro® bellows seal valves, and Cajon VCR® metal face seal connections. The chamber temperature can be regulated for permeation measurements ranging from 25° C. to 75° C. The schematic of the permeation testing apparatus is again shown in FIG. 1.

Flat membrane films can be masked with adhesive aluminum masks having a circular, pre-cut, exposed area for permeation through the membrane. Application of 5-minute epoxy at the interface between membrane and the aluminum mask was often necessary to prevent non-selective gas flow between the aluminum mask adhesive and membrane.

After drying the epoxy for approximately 12 to about 24 hours, the masked membrane can be placed in a permeation cell and the permeation system. Both the upstream and downstream sections of the permeation system were evacuated for about 24 hours to 48 hours to remove (“degas”) any gases or vapors sorbed into the membrane. Permeation tests of the membrane can be performed by pressurizing the upstream with the desired gas at the desired pressure. The permeation rate can be measured from the pressure rise of the MKS Baratron® pressure transducer and using the known downstream (permeate) volume. The pressure rise is plotted on a strip chart recorder. Following the permeation testing of a given gas, both the upstream and downstream sections were evacuated overnight before permeation testing of the next gas.

EXAMPLE 11

Permeation Testing of CMS Films

A section from the CMS films in Example 9 was cut to an appropriate size and dimension and used in a permeation testing cell (as described in Example 2) to measure the permeabilities for several gases: CH₄, N₂, O₂, and CO₂. The upstream side of the CMS membrane film was separately exposed to each of the above gases at a pressure of 50 psia. The downstream side of the CMS membrane was maintained at a vacuum, resulting in differential pressure driving force of 50 psia across the CMS membrane. With the permeation system maintained at a constant temperature of 35° C., the flux of each of the above gases through the membrane was measured with a pressure-rise method. Results are shown in Table 4 with the individual gas permeabilities.

TABLE 4 Gas Component Permeability (10⁻¹⁰ cm³ (STP) · cm/cm² · s · cm Hg) CH₄ 0.22 N₂ 1.65 O₂ 22.0 CO₂ 44.0

From the permeability values in Table 4, the permeability ratios (selectivity) of the CMS membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 13.3 and 200, respectively. Both the selectivity and permeabilities of these gas pairs are significantly higher than those found for any known solution-processable polymer membrane material. Thus, these CMS membranes are good candidates as the disperse phase (“inserts”) in a mixed matrix membrane.

EXAMPLE 12

Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation

The CMS films manufactured from Example 9 and evaluated in Examples 10 and 11 were pulverized into fine particles by a ball mill (SPEX CertiPrep). The CMS films were loaded into a small steel cylindrical container of approx. 2-inch in diameter and 3-inch in height. Stainless steel ball bearings (four ⅛ inch balls and two ¼ inch balls) were placed into the container before sealing the container with an O-ring top and cap. After about 1 hour in the ball mill, the resulting, fine CMS particles were removed from the container. Scanning electron micrographs indicate particle sizes ranging from submicron to micron.

A mixed matrix membrane was prepared with the CMS particles as the disperse phase. A high-performance, glassy, engineering polymer called Ultem® 1000 was used as the polymer matrix phase in the mixed matrix membrane. Ultem® 1000 is a polyetherimide and is commercially available from General Electric Plastics. The CMS particles were preconditioned, dispersed and sonicated in CH₂Cl₂ solvent, and “primed” with the Ultem® 1000 polymer. The mixed matrix membrane was formed in the following steps:

1) 0.100 grams of CMS particles were added to a 40-ml vial containing about 5 ml of CH₂Cl₂. The CMS particles were sonicated in solution for about 1 minute with an ultrasonic rod in the vial. The slurry was well agitated and mixed for about 1 hour on rotating parallel rollers.

2) 0.041 grams of Ultem® 1000 was added to the solution slurry. The solution was well mixed by rotating parallel rollers for about 6 hours. This step is “priming” (or “sizing”) the CMS particles.

3) 0.460 grams of Ultem® 1000 was added to the solution to form a solution with 16.6 wt. % or 14.5 vol. % loading of CMS particles. The solution was well mixed by rotating on parallel rollers for about 12 hours.

4) The polymer/CMS solution was poured onto a flat, clean horizontal glass surface placed inside a controlled environment (e.g., plastic glove bag). A stainless steel ring (4-inch diameter) was used to contain the polymer solution. An inverted glass funnel is used to cover the solution. The tip of the funnel was covered with lint-free tissue paper to control the evaporation rate.

5) The solvent from the polymer film slowly evaporated over about a 12-hour time period. The film was about 37 microns in thickness.

6) After drying, the membrane film was annealed at a temperature of about 100° C. for about 12 hours in vacuum.

EXAMPLE 13

Permeation Testing of a Mixed Matrix Film

A section from the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film in Example 12 was cut to an appropriate size and dimension and used in a permeation testing cell to measure the permeabilities for several gases: CH₄, N₂, O₂, and CO₂, as described by Example 10. The upstream side of the CMS membrane film was separately exposed to each of the above gases at a pressure of 50 psia. The downstream side of the CMS membrane was maintained at a vacuum, resulting in differential pressure driving force of 50 psia across the CMS membrane. With the permeation system maintained at a constant temperature of 35° C., the flux of each of the above gases through the membrane was measured with a pressure-rise method. Results are shown in Table 5 with the individual gas permeabilities of the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film and the individual gas permeabilities of a pure Ultem® film (measured in a similar fashion).

TABLE 5 Permeability (10⁻¹⁰ cm³ (STP) · cm/cm² · s · cm Hg) Ultem ®-CMS mixed matrix film Gas (16.6 wt. % or 14.5 vol. % Component CMS) Pure Ultem ® film CH₄ 0.058 0.037 N₂ 0.076 0.052 O₂ 0.60 0.38 CO₂ 2.51 1.45

From the permeability values in Table 5, the permeability ratios (selectivity) of the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film (16.6 wt. % or 14.5 vol. % CMS) membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 7.89 and 43.3, respectively. The permeability ratios (selectivity) of an original pure Ultem® membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 7.31 and 39.1, respectively. In the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film, the O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity has been enhanced by 8% and 10.7%, respectively, over those of the original Ultem® polymer. Furthermore, the O₂ and CO₂ permeabilities (“fast-gas” components) have been enhanced by 58% and 73.1%, respectively, over those of the original Ultem® polymer.

EXAMPLE 14

Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation

A mixed matrix membrane was prepared with the CMS particles as the disperse phase. The CMS particles were obtained in a manner similar to that set in Example 9 and pulverized into fine particles with the same procedure described in Example 12.

Another high-performance, glassy, engineering polymer called Matrimid® 5218 was used as the polymer matrix phase in the mixed matrix membrane. Matrimid® 5218 is a polyimide and is commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals.

The CMS particles were preconditioned, dispersed and sonicated in CH₂Cl₂ solvent, and “primed” with the Matrimid® 5218 polymer. The mixed matrix membrane was formed in the following steps:

1) 0.100 grams of CMS particles were added to a 40-mL vial containing about 5 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The CMS particles were sonicated in solution for about 1 minute with an ultrasonic rod in the vial. The slurry was well agitated and mixed for about 1 hour on rotating parallel rollers.

2) 0.040 grams of Matrimid® 5218 was added to the solution slurry. The solution was well mixed by rotating parallel rollers for about 6 hours. This step is “priming” (or “sizing”) the CMS particles.

3) 0.460 grams of Matrimid® 5218 was added to the solution to form a solution with 16.7 wt. % or 13.8 vol. % loading of CMS particles. The solution was well mixed by rotating on parallel rollers for about 12 hours.

4) The polymer/CMS solution was poured onto a flat, clean horizontal glass surface placed inside a controlled environment (e.g., plastic glove bag). A stainless steel ring (2.5-inch diameter) was used to contain the polymer solution. An inverted glass funnel was used to cover the solution. The tip of the funnel was covered with lint-free tissue paper to control the evaporation rate.

5) The solvent from the polymer film slowly evaporated over about a 12-hour time period. The film was about 107 microns in thickness.

6) After drying, the membrane film was annealed at a temperature of about 100° C. for about 12 hours in vacuum.

EXAMPLE 15

Permeation of Mixed Matrix Film

A section from the Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix film in Example 14 was cut to an appropriate size and dimension and used in a permeation testing cell to measure the permeabilities for several gases: CH₄, N₂, O₂, and CO₂. The upstream side of the CMS membrane film was separately exposed to each of the above gases at a pressure of 50 psia. The downstream side of the CMS membrane was maintained at a vacuum, resulting in differential pressure driving force of 50 psia across the CMS membrane. With the permeation system maintained at a constant temperature of 35° C., the flux of each of the above gases through the membrane was measured with a pressure-rise method. Results are shown in Table 6 with the individual gas permeabilities of the Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix film and the individual gas permeabilities of a pure Matrimid® film (measured in a similar fashion).

TABLE 6 Permeability (10⁻¹⁰ cm³ (STP) · cm/cm² · s · cm Hg) Gas Matrimid ®-CMS mixed matrix film Pure Component (16.7 wt. % or 13.8 vol. % CMS) Matrimid ® film CH₄ 0.28 0.28 N₂ 0.37 0.32 O₂ 2.46 2.11 CO₂ 11.75 9.96

From the permeability values in Table 6, the permeability ratios (selectivity) of the Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix (16.7 wt. % or 13.8 vol. % CMS) membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 6.65 and 42.0, respectively. The permeability ratios (selectivity) of an original pure Matrimid® membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 6.60 and 35.6, respectively. In the Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix film, the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity has been enhanced by 18.0% over that of the original Matrimid®polymer. The O₂/N₂ selectivity in the mixed matrix film does not show appreciable enhancement. The O₂ and CO₂ permeabilities (“fast-gas” components) in the mixed matrix film have been enhanced by 16.6% and 18.0%, respectively, over those of the original Matrimid® polymer.

EXAMPLE 16

Permeation of an Annealed Mixed Matrix Film

The Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix membrane (16.7 wt. % or 13.8 vol. % CMS) from Example 14 was further subjected to a post-treatment protocol. This post-treatment procedure is described herein. A sample of this film was annealed at 320° C. for 20 minutes and allowed to cool to ambient room temperature for about 12 hours under vacuum.

A section from this new thermally annealed Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix film was cut to an appropriate size and dimension and used in a permeation testing cell to measure the permeabilities for several gases: CH₄, N₂, O₂, and CO₂. The upstream side of the CMS membrane film was separately exposed to each of the above gases at a pressure of 50 psia. The downstream side of the CMS membrane was maintained at a vacuum, resulting in differential pressure driving force of 50 psia across the CMS membrane. With the permeation system maintained at a constant temperature of 35° C., the flux of each of the above gases through the membrane was measured with a pressure-rise method. Results are shown in Table 4 with the individual gas permeabilities of this thermally annealed Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix film and the individual gas permeabilities of a pure Matrimid® film (measured in a similar fashion).

TABLE 7 Permeability (10⁻¹⁰ cm³ (STP) · cm/cm² · s · cm Hg) Matrimid ®-CMS mixed matrix film Gas (16.7 wt. % or 13.8 vol. % CMS) Pure Component Thermally annealed at 320° C. Matrimid ® film CH₄ 0.21 0.28 N₂ 0.32 0.32 O₂ 2.17 2.11 CO₂ 9.67 9.96

From the permeability values in Table 7, the permeability ratios (selectivity) of the “post-treated” Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix (16.7 wt. % or 13.8 vol. % CMS) membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 6.8 and 46.0, respectively. The permeability ratios (selectivity) of an original pure Matrimid® membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 6.6 and 35.6, respectively. In this “post-treated” Matrimid®-CMS mixed matrix film, the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity has been enhanced by 29.2% over that of the original Matrimid® polymer. The O₂/N₂ selectivity in the mixed matrix film shows slight enhancement.

EXAMPLE 17

Mixed Matrix Membrane Preparation

A mixed matrix membrane was prepared with CMS particles as the dispersed phase at a higher loading. In this Example, a high loading of 35.1 wt. % (or 31.4 vol. %) of CMS particles in a polymer matrix is described. The CMS particles were obtained in a manner similar to that set in Example 1 and pulverized into fine particles with the same procedure described in Example 4. The polyetherimide Ultem® 1000 was used as the polymer matrix phase in the mixed matrix membrane. The chemical structure of Ultem® 1000 has been shown previously in Example 12.

The CMS particles were preconditioned, dispersed and sonicated in CH₂Cl₂ solvent, and “primed” with the Ultem® 1000 polymer. The mixed matrix membrane was formed in the following steps:

1) 0.306 grams of CMS particles were added to a 40-mL vial containing about 3 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The CMS particles were sonicated in solution for about 1 minute with an ultrasonic rod in the vial. The slurry was well agitated and mixed for about 1 hour on rotating parallel rollers.

2) 0.100 grams of Ultem® 1000 was added to the solution slurry. The solution was well mixed by rotating parallel rollers for about 6 hours. This step is “priming” (or “sizing”) the CMS particles.

3) 0.466 grams of Ultem® 1000 was added to the solution to form a solution with 35.1 wt. % or 31.4 vol. % loading of CMS particles. The solution was well mixed by rotating parallel rollers for about 12 hours.

4) The polymer/CMS solution was poured onto a flat, clean horizontal glass surface placed inside a controlled environment (e.g., plastic glove bag). The enclosed environment was saturated with CH₂Cl₂. A stainless steel film applicator (Paul N. Gardner Co., 10 mil thickness doctor blade) was used to draw/spread the polymer/CMS solution to a uniform thickness. An inverted glass funnel was used to cover the solution. The tip of the funnel was covered with lint-free tissue paper to control the evaporation rate.

5) The solvent from the polymer film slowly evaporated over about a 12-hour time period. The film was about 95 microns in thickness.

6) After drying, the membrane film was annealed at a temperature of about 100° C. for about 12 hours in vacuum.

EXAMPLE 18

Permeation of a Mixed Matrix Film

A section from the high-loading Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film in Example 17 was cut to an appropriate size and dimension and used in a permeation testing cell to measure the permeabilities for several gases: CH₄, N₂, O₂, and CO₂, as described by Example 2. The upstream side of the CMS membrane film was separately exposed to each of the above gases at a pressure of 50 psia. The downstream side of the CMS membrane was maintained at a vacuum, resulting in differential pressure driving force of 50 psia across the CMS membrane. With the permeation system maintained at a constant temperature of 35° C., the flux of each of the above gases through the membrane was measured with a pressure-rise method. Results are shown in Table 8 with the individual gas permeabilities of the high-loading Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film and the individual gas permeabilities of a pure Ultem® film (measured in a similar fashion).

TABLE 8 Permeability (10⁻¹⁰ cm³ (STP) · cm/cm² · s · cm Hg) Ultem ®-CMS mixed matrix film Gas (35.1 wt. % or 31.4 vol. % Component CMS) Pure Ultem ® film CH₄ 0.036 0.037 N₂ 0.065 0.052 O₂ 0.50 0.38 CO₂ 1.89 1.45

From the permeability values in Table 8, the permeability ratios (selectivity) of the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film (35.1 wt. % or 31.4 vol. % CMS) membrane for O/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 7.7 and 52.0, respectively. The permeability ratios (selectivity) of an original pure Ultem® membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 7.31 and 39.1, respectively. In the Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film, the O₂/N₂and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity has been enhanced by 5% and 33%, respectively, over those of the original Ultem® polymer.

EXAMPLE 19

Permeation of an Annealed Mixed Matrix Film

The high-loading Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix membrane (35.1 wt. % or 31.4 vol. % CMS) from Example 17 was further subjected to a post-treatment protocol. This post-treatment procedure is described herein the methodology of the present invention. A sample of this film was annealed at 250° C. for 2 hours and allowed to cool to ambient room temperature for about 12 hours under vacuum.

A section from this new thermally annealed high-loading Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film was cut to an appropriate size and dimension and used in a permeation testing cell to measure the permeabilities for several gases: CH₄, N₂, O₂, and CO₂. The upstream side of the CMS membrane film was separately exposed to each of the above gases at a pressure of 50 psia. The downstream side of the CMS membrane was maintained at a vacuum, resulting in differential pressure driving force of 50 psia across the CMS membrane. With the permeation system maintained at a constant temperature of 35° C., the flux of each of the above gases through the membrane was measured with a pressure-rise method. Results are shown in Table 9 with the individual gas permeabilities of this now thermally annealed high-loading Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film and the individual gas permeabilities of a pure Ultem® film (measured in a similar fashion).

TABLE 9 Permeability (10⁻¹⁰ cm³ (STP) · cm/cm² · s · cm Hg) Ultem ®-CMS mixed matrix film Gas (35.1 wt. % or 31.4 vol. % CMS) Component Thermally annealed at 250° C. Pure Ultem ® film CH₄ 0.027 0.037 N₂ 0.066 0.052 O₂ 0.50 0.38 CO₂ 1.89 1.45

From the permeability values in Table 9, the permeability ratios (selectivity) of the “post-treated” high-loading Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix (35.1 wt. % or 31.4 vol. % CMS) membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 7.6 and 69.4, respectively. The permeability ratios (selectivity) of an original pure Ultem® membrane for O₂/N₂ and CO₂/CH₄ are 7.31 and 39.1, respectively. In this “post-treated” high-loading Ultem®-CMS mixed matrix film, the CO₂/CH₄ selectivity has been enhanced by 77.5% over that of the original Ultem® polymer. The O₂/N₂ selectivity in the mixed matrix film shows slight enhancement.

While the invention has been described in detail with reference to the preferred embodiment thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made and equivalents employed, without departing from the present invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A carbon molecular sieve particle comprising a pyrolyzed carbon-based polymer body having numerous ultramicropores therethrough which may act as sieves to substantially inhibit the passage of gas molecules larger than 10 Angstroms in size and wherein the pyrolyzed body is less than 2 microns in size.
 2. The sieve particle of claim 1 wherein the ultramicropores substantially inhibit the passage of gas molecules larger than 5 Angstroms in size.
 3. The sieve particle of claim 1 wherein the pyrolyzed body is less than 1 micron in size.
 4. The sieve particle of claim 1 wherein the pyrolyzed body is between about 0.1 and 0.9 micron in size.
 5. The sieve particle of claim 1 wherein the pyrolyzed body is made from a precursor selected from the group consisting of polyetherimides, polyimides, 6FDA/BPDA-DAM, 6FDA-6FpDA, and 6FDA-IPDA.
 6. The sieve particle of claim 1 wherein the pyrolyzed body is made from a rigid, glassy polymer.
 7. The sieve particle of claim 1 wherein the pyrolyzed body is made from a precursor selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted polymers and may be selected from polysulfones; poly(styrenes), including styrene-containing copolymers comprising acrylonitrilestyrene copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers and styrene-vinylbenzylhalide copolymers; polycarbonates; cellulosic polymers comprising cellulose acetate-butyrate, cellulose propionate, ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, and nitrocellulose; polyamides and polyimides, including aryl polyamides and aryl polyimides; polyethers; polyetherimides; polyetherketones; poly(arylene oxides) comprising poly(phenylene oxide) and poly(xylene oxide); poly(esteramide-diisocyanate); polyurethanes; polyesters (including polyarylates) comprising poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(alkyl methacrylates), poly(acrylates), poly(phenylene terephthalate); polypyrrolones; polysulfides; polymers from monomers having alpha-olefinic unsaturation other than mentioned above comprising poly (ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(butene-1), poly(4-methyl pentene-1), polyvinyls comprising poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl esters) comprising poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(vinyl propionate), poly(vinyl pyridines), poly(vinyl pyrrolidones), poly(vinyl ethers), poly(vinyl ketones), poly(vinyl aldehydes) comprising poly(vinyl formal) and poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinyl amides), poly(vinyl amines), poly(vinyl urethanes), poly(vinyl ureas), poly(vinyl phosphates), and poly(vinyl sulfates); polyallyls; poly(benzobenzimidazole); polyhydrazides; polyoxadiazoles; polytriazoles; poly (benzimidazole); polycarbodiimides; polyphosphazines; and interpolymers, including block interpolymers containing repeating units from the above comprising terpolymers of acrylonitrile-vinyl bromide-sodium salt of para-sulfophenylmethallyl ethers; and grafts and blends containing any of the foregoing, wherein typical substituents providing substituted polymers include halogens comprising fluorine, chlorine and bromine; hydroxyl groups; lower alkyl groups; lower alkoxy groups; monocyclic aryl; and lower acyl groups.
 8. The sieve particle of claim 1 wherein the sieve particle is made from a pyrolyzed polyimide.
 9. The sieve particle of claim 1 wherein the sieve particle includes a polymer coating.
 10. The sieve particle of claim 1 wherein pyrolyzed body is a particle fragment made by fracturing a pyrolyzed polymer; and the pyrolyzed body having micropores which extend through the body as the result of the fracturing of the pyrolyzed polymer to open otherwise closed ended micropores found in the precursor larger, unfractured pyrolyzed polymer powder.
 11. The sieve particle of claim 10 wherein the fracturing of the pyrolyzed polymer is done in a milling process.
 12. The sieve particle of claim 1 wherein the pyrolyzed body is made by heating a carbon based precursor polymer above at least 500° C. for at least two hours.
 13. The particle of claim 1 wherein when a collection of such sieve particles are dispersed in a continuous phase polymer and used to prepare a mixed matrix membrane film at about 20 wt. % loading, the membrane shows a pure gas selectivity enhancement of 10% or more in the permeability of CO₂ versus CH₄, compared to a membrane of the same polymer without the sieve particles added.
 14. A method for preparing carbon molecular sieves comprising subjecting a polymer powder to pyrolysis conditions to form a carbon molecular sieve, wherein the polymer powder results in an amorphous carbonized structure when pyrolyzed; and when dispersed in a polymer and used to prepare a mixed matrix membrane film at about 20 wt. % loading, the membrane shows a pure gas selectivity enhancement of 10% or more in the permeability of CO₂ versus CH₄, compared to a membrane of the same polymer without sieve added.
 15. A method of preparing carbon molecular sieve particles comprising pyrolyzing a carbon based polymer to create ultramicropores within the pyrolyzed polymer; and fracturing the pyrolyzed powder until the size of the particles is less than 2 microns in diameter thereby opening up close ended pores formed in the pyrolyzed polymer.
 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising separating particles to collect particles of less than 0.9 microns in size.
 17. The method of claim 15 wherein the particle is made from a precursor selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted polymers and may be selected from polysulfones; poly(styrenes), including styrene-containing copolymers comprising acrylonitrilestyrene copolymers, styrene-butadiene copolymers and styrene-vinylbenzylhalide copolymers; polycarbonates; cellulosic polymers comprising cellulose acetate-butyrate, cellulose propionate, ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, nitrocellulose; polyamides and polyimides, including aryl polyamides and aryl polyimides; polyethers; polyetherimides; polyetherketones; poly(arylene oxides) comprising poly(phenylene oxide) and poly(xylene oxide); poly(esteramide-diisocyanate); polyurethanes; polyesters (including polyarylates) comprising poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(alkyl methacrylates), poly(acrylates), and poly(phenylene terephthalate); polypyrrolones; polysulfides; polymers from monomers having alpha-olefinic unsaturation other than mentioned above comprising poly (ethylene), poly(propylene), poly(butene-1), poly(4-methyl pentene-1), polyvinyls comprising poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl fluoride), poly(vinylidene chloride), poly(vinylidene fluoride), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl esters) comprising poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(vinyl propionate), poly(vinyl pyridines), poly(vinyl pyrrolidones), poly(vinyl ethers), poly(vinyl ketones), poly(vinyl aldehydes) comprising poly(vinyl formal) and poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinyl amides), poly(vinyl amines), poly(vinyl urethanes), poly(vinyl ureas), poly(vinyl phosphates), and poly(vinyl sulfates); polyallyls; poly(benzobenzimidazole); polyhydrazides; polyoxadiazoles; polytriazoles; poly (benzimidazole); polycarbodiimides; polyphosphazines; and interpolymers, including block interpolymers containing repeating units from the above comprising terpolymers of acrylonitrile-vinyl bromide-sodium salt of para-sulfophenylmethallyl ethers; and grafts and blends containing any of the foregoing, wherein typical substituents providing substituted polymers include halogens comprising fluorine, chlorine and bromine; hydrol groups; lower alkyl groups; lower alkoxy groups; and monocyclic aryl; and lower acyl groups.
 18. The method of claim 15 wherein the sieve particles are coated with a carbon based polymer to enhance their ability to be incorporated into a continuous phase polymer.
 19. The method of claim 15 wherein the particle is made from a precursor selected from the group consisting of polyetherimides, polyimides, 6FDA/BPDA-DAM, 6FDA-6FpDA, and 6FDA-IPDA. 